Water tames climate and fires

          

         It is August, and parts of California and Oregon are burning as has happened nearly every summer for the last 10 years, and in many parts of California last winter.  We are being told this is the new normal.  It was also the old normal, before we started watering with sprinklers, making it cooler, wetter and saving our cities from wildfire.

Water moderates climate and tames fire.  At 1%-4% of the atmosphere, water vapor is the most abundant greenhouse gas, holding heat by its sheer thermal mass and the blanketing effect of clouds. Yet it also cools the air during the day, by cloud shading; rain; evaporation; and transpiration through plants, which can bring the air down to 40 degrees F, the temperature at which it starts evaporating.

Evaporation is the first step in the water cycle.  That evaporation doesn’t just come from large bodies of water.  In fact, water in a body doesn’t evaporate well, because of surface tension, unless it is warm or whipped into spray by the wind.  Being near a seashore with a prevailing breeze blowing off the ocean doesn’t guarantee any rain will come of it, if the air pressure is high and the ocean is cold.  It makes fog on the west side of the coast range. It takes either a lot of heat rising from the land to pull it in from a warm sea, monsoon style, making wet thunderstorms, or a low-pressure system with wind-whipped waves to bring cooler ocean moisture onto land and make rain.

Inland, on the east side of the coast range, ocean moisture doesn’t make it to Josephine county unless a strong low-pressure system brings it in.  It was known as the Agate Desert before we started watering with sprinklers.  Extreme heat, cold, fire and floods are characteristic of deserts and drought.

When absolute humidity is closer to 4% than 1%, it is harder for fires to start and burn.  When summer thunderstorms are given moisture from sprinklers on almost all the properties in cities and the surrounding country, they make rain, not dry lightning.  This is what happened in the ‘80s, a wet decade we are told, when practically everybody in cities and country watered because water was cheap, and they wanted their yards to be clean, green and safe.

That was also the decade when water alarmists started telling us that we have to save fresh water, no matter the locality or the conditions because only 2% of the water on Earth is fresh water, and telling us that evaporation is waste.  California, and later Oregon, started instituting rationing by price, oppressing the poor and middle class, many of whom stopped watering their yards.  Many other cities around the world have done the same, drying out their cities and the countryside around them, making the world as a whole drier, hotter and more dangerous, as we saw in Greece this summer.

Thousands of single family homes in a single subdivision in Santa Rosa, California burned in Santa Anna winds last winter, while thin strips of green grass and trees out front of those homes did not. Their top water rate is $6.50 per 1000 gallons.  600 homes burned in Redding this summer, while paying $1.425 for every 750 gallons.  When people can’t afford to water, many stop cutting their weeds, because no one likes to maintain ugly.   Those weeds grow, spread their seeds, dry out, and can easily burn down their homes.

          Published at GardenGrantsPass.blogspot.com.  Like Garden Grants Pass on Facebook

Gardening is easy if you do it naturally.  Litter is tagging, marking the territory of the disorderly.

Rycke Brown, Natural Gardener               541-955-9040                 rycke@gardener.com

The Natural Gardener: Watering Is Not Waste

          Oregon water law allows any use that is beneficial.  It forbids waste, which it defines as using more water than necessary for any beneficial use or use that benefits nobody.

            Watering one’s property is not waste, even outside the irrigation season, so long as there is a good reason for it, like keeping the cracks in the ground open around a well, so water continues to flow into it.

            Indeed, it is difficult to waste water by watering, except by overwatering, which makes soil so wet it is difficult for plants to grow and encourages crane flies that eat grass roots.  This harms the yard, but still contributes to humidity.  Water that sinks into the soil recharges the water table and/or eventually flows through ground to the river.  Water that is taken up by plants grows plants or is transpired into the air.  Sprinkler watering washes plants, removing dust and fungus spores.  Water that transpires or evaporates from plants, the sprinkler and the ground makes the air cooler and more humid and makes clouds and rain.  Using cleaned city water prevents contamination from E. coli and other nasty germs.

            The water cycle works better if we work it.  In the ‘80s, at the height of sprinkler irrigation, nearly every city property and county farm was irrigated; Grants Pass was clean and green.  We had wet thunderstorms nearly every week in Grants Pass, though usually not enough to stop watering.  There were bigger rain events in July andAugust than in June and September.  There was more rain in Medford than here, and more rain in Klamath Falls than Medford, in midsummer, because everyone was watering, and water was building up and falling as it traveled uphill and downwind, filling creeks along the way.

But in the ‘80s, we started hearing that fresh water is in short supply and we should save it, regardless of local supplies and conditions.  After 30 years of “saving” water in Grants Pass and Medford by price rationing, the situation has reversed, with smaller, fewer rain events in midsummer and dry lightning being more common than thunderstorms, making bigger, more frequent forest fires.  Half of Grants Pass has gone dry, weedy, seedy, and littered in summer because so many people stopped watering, mowing and maintaining their yards.  We have had yard and forest fires in the City because of that lack of maintenance. 

I was told by a city staff member on several occasions that Oregon law requires tiered rates, or the state could take part of our water right.  I asked him to show me that law.  He could not and asked me to look for it.  I did, reading the state water manual and searching Oregon water law.  I found a law which says that the state wishes us to save water, but no mandate to do so, and nothing about unit prices or tiered rates.  I found a law which says that if a city saves enough water that it wants to do something not already in its permitted water right, it must ask the state Water Board for permission to do so. If the Board disagrees with that use, it can take that part of the city’s water right.  So, the only danger I could find to our city’s water right is if we save water, not if we use it beneficially.

          Published at GardenGrantsPass.blogspot.com.  Like Garden Grants Pass on Facebook

Gardening is easy if you do it naturally.  Litter is tagging, marking the territory of the disorderly.

Rycke Brown, Natural Gardener               541-955-9040                 rycke@gardener.com

The Natural Gardener: Price Water and Sewer Fairly

It doesn’t take a rate consultant to create fair water and sewer rate systems.  Generally accepted accounting principles would take all the fixed “overhead” costs and pay for them through the base rate, and pay for the unit costs, which vary with the amount of clean water produced and delivered, in the unit price.  This pays for the cost of providing clean water in the base rate, pays for unit costs in the unit price, and keeps the finances of the plant stable.

It takes a rate consultant, using arcane formulas, to assign overhead costs to particular customer classes’ unit rates and thus give governments, businesses, apartment dwellers and smaller households lower rates than larger families in single family homes, who are often poorer people sharing increasingly high housing costs.

When I lived here in the ‘80s, we paid $25 per month for water and sewer. The city was clean, green, and beautiful. When I moved back here in 1999 and bought a house for me and my two children, I paid between about $50 in the winter and $75 in the summer.  The difference was that the water base rate was $13 lower and unit costs were charged.  This city was drier and dustier than before.

In 2005-2006, the City hired a rate consultant to devise a water rate system that saved water, though the city had no need to do so, with large water right and a dam to keep our river running.  They lowered the base by $4 and started a three-tiered unit rate system, with higher marginal unit prices only on single family homes: not on governments; businesses; apartments; or PUDs.  My water bill more than doubled, bringing the combined bill to $140 in midsummer. 

A lot of people quit watering.  Within two years, the City had to raise the base rate $3 to pay the overhead.  It has continued to increase it since; it is now at $17.70, more than double the 2006 base rate, as more people stopped watering due to high unit prices.  My combined bill has risen to $183.

A few years ago, the City decided that people should pay for their sewer use based on winter water use, so that they would pay for every unit of wastewater cleaned.  My sewer bill doubled, from $20 to $40, as the base rate was cut and unit costs were charged.  They are now rebuilding parts of the wastewater treatment plant and raised wastewater rates 7% on both the base and the unit price per year for four years starting last February and 7% more each year for the next three.  My sewer bill is now over $70, as we had 7 people in our house last winter, up from 3.

Now the City plans a new water treatment plant.  Their rate consultant literally doubled down on tiered rates and high unit prices.  They will be voting to raise water rates soon.

State law requires that fees for government services be no higher than the cost of providing that service to each customer separately, not collectively.  Base rates for water and sewer that don’t cover the cost of overhead and corresponding high unit rates make larger households pay more per unit for water and sewer than smaller households and destabilize the finances of our water and sewer plants.  Ask the City Council to put all of our overhead in the bases, and only unit costs in the unit prices, to keep the utilities’ bills paid and the residents able to afford to use all the water we need.

Email the Grants Pass City Council and Mayor: mayorcouncil@grantspassoregon.gov

Rycke Brown, Natural Gardener               541-955-9040                 rycke@gardener.com

The Weekly Weeder: Natural Weed Control

Notice the old leaves under the rose, and the 4 x 8 sand paths.

            Weeds are taking over neglected portions of our cities and countryside, making them ugly, disorderly and unsafe.  Flowering weeds are often ugly, always disorderly, and once they dry out, they are a fire hazard.  If not killed before going to seed, they spread themselves around; they are a nuisance that multiplies.  Whole city subdivisions have burned in recent decades, and some small towns as well. When weed codes are well enforced and properties are watered, cities don’t burn. 

          The most dangerous weeds are annuals and biennials that seed and dry out in a season.  They make many seeds, some of which can last for years in soil before they sprout or rot.  But their roots don’t need to be pulled to kill them.  All their top growth comes from their crowns, the part of the plant between the roots and the stems.  Cut them under their crowns or pull them when they are flowering before they go to seed and they are gone, but it can take years to control the seeds already in the ground

          You can cut them under their crowns with scissors or a knife, which is great for going after individual weeds, but is relatively slow.  Still, this is the best way to handle seeded puncture vine, a noxious weed that pops bike tires as well as sticking shoes and bare feet.  Cutting under crowns or pulling are the only ways to take weeds out selectively in lawns, beds and borders.

          You can also beat the crowns out of the soil wholesale with a string trimmer.  This works best when the plants are young and not yet seeded, and the soil is relatively soft.  It has to be repeated to catch newly sprouted annuals and re-growing perennials.  Done often and long enough, it can kill out perennials as well.  It is rather messy.  A hula hoe (AKA scuffle hoe and stirrup hoe) doesn’t throw stuff around.

          You can mulch with leaves, compost, wood chips or bark to smother small plants and stop seeds from sprouting.  Most very small seeds need a touch of sunlight to sprout, and nearly every newly sprouted plant can be easily smothered with 2 inches or more of dense mulch.  Avoid fine bark and bagged bark with fines; bark’s natural preservatives leach downward and kill soil life, but not plants. Larger barks do not kill soil, but ¾” bark and walk-on fir are dense enough at 2” deep.  Walk-on fir bark is most effective at staying put; ¾” floats away on slopes.

          Leaves are the most effective mulch, though some tend to blow around.  Leaves that last for a year, like oak and red maple, are most effective.  They dry quickly on the surface and make a lousy seed bed for whatever falls on them.  Leaves and compost also feed soil life, which makes the soil soft for pulling weeds and provides habitat for good (predator) bugs.

          Perennial weeds like blackberries can also be fire hazards and nuisances.  Cutting under or pulling their crowns is effective, but birds drop seeds in their droppings.  When it comes to weeding, constant vigilance and watering is the key.

 

Revised 12/10/2024.  Published at GardenGrantsPass.blogspot.com

           

          Rycke Brown, Natural Gardener          541-955-9040        rycke@gardener.com

The Natural Gardener: Leaves build soil and stop weeds

Leaves are not waste and should not be wasted.  They are the best and cheapest mulch around for stopping weeds, building soil and providing food and habitat for predator bugs.  This retired Natural Gardener used to haul bags of excess leaves away for free to customers through the fall, spreading them to reduce work and help preferred plants grow for the rest of the year.  Now I am taking leaves for my own yard only. I prefer leaves in clear plastic bags.  I don’t take bags heavier than 50 pounds, or with too many sticks.

Nearly every other mulch is a seedbed as soon as it is spread.  Seeds fall on top, find a crevice and grow.  Leaves dry out on top, and so make a lousy seed bed for anything that falls on top of them.  Even a thin layer stops small seeds beneath them that need sun to sprout.  Two inches or more can smother most seeds as well as small plants and feed the soil enough to soften it and make it easier to pull the weeds that grow. 

The deeper they are laid, the more weeds they can stop and the more they build the soil and soften it.  A foot or more will grow huge vegetables, while they rot and worms and pill bugs eat them over the course of the gardening year.  That increased fertility can be maintained with only a few inches per year. 

The only thing comparable to leaves for building soil is compost, which leaves become without any special help, if they aren’t mounded.  A mound sheds water, within which leaves can stay dry and not decompose for years.  Spread flat, a foot of leaves is the equivalent of 6 inches of compost, which can also grow huge vegetables, plus can be used to build beds year-round.  In late spring and summer, exposed compost also dries out quickly, but in winter, it is a seed bed for whatever falls on it. 

You can start small cool-weather seeds by spreading an inch of compost on top of leaves and scattering the seeds in it; for larger seeds in late spring and summer, scatter seeds on the leaves and cover them with compost.  You can also poke large seeds like peas, corn, beans and squash into the leaves to where it is moist to maintain that cover of dry leaves while they grow.  You can plant starts into leaves as well, with or without compost on top.  

You can warm the leaves to help the seeds and starts grow faster by putting rocks around them.  Rounded river rocks, just small enough to move with one hand, are easy to move and hold heat through the night, when the plants need it most.  The smaller the rocks, the hotter they get but the less heat they hold through the night.  Larger rocks can be used to provide a solid edge for mulch beds and keep them from spreading.

Leaves should be removed from buildings, pavements, gravel, and paths.  They should be left and built up on open ground, in beds and borders, and mulch-mowed into lawns.  If you have too many, put your excess in clear bags and call me.

Gardening is easy if you do it naturally.  Litter is tagging, marking the territory of the disorderly.

Rycke Brown, Natural Gardener      541-955-9040             rycke@gardener.com

The Weekly Weeder: Whacking Weeds Can Work

          Whacking annual weeds can kill them, if you whack them low enough—right into the dirt, below the crown.  They have no means to grow without a crown, from which all their growth comes.  (Chickweed is an exception, as it does not have a crown and will keep trying to grow and set seed until it has made enough of it.)

          I saw weed whacking work several years ago, when the city or one of its maintenance contractors eliminated goat heads from the Wastewater Treatment Plant property for several years by repeatedly scalping the dirt where they grew with a string trimmer.  This year, they are blooming and seeding in their old locations near the back fence; apparently the maintenance contract has changed and the city’s institutional memory is short, but goat head seeds can sprout for at least 5 years and will come up all summer until frost.

          This year, I whacked the dense weeds along the irrigation ditch behind my mom’s house into the dirt in May, when they were still green and flowering, but hadn’t set seed yet.  A week later, I pulled a few that had been missed.  The next week, only the false dandelions had come back, and over two months later, that is still the case.

          Last week, I was pulling and cutting crab grass from the backyard below, and looking at the enormous quantity of spotted spurge growing along the same path, but not yet flowering, and asked myself why I didn’t just whack them all, as the annual weeds would be killed out, while the perennial grass and clover would come back from roots.  So I got my battery-powered trimmer out and started beating the dirt, working out which direction to work in order to throw the debris away from my legs and face.  The next week, that area was still quite barren.  This week, some were starting to grow back, and I whacked them again.

          I will have to repeat all summer and reseed clover in the fall, I am sure.  Spring weeds start in the fall and winter, flowering and setting seed around the same time in the spring, allowing one to kill them out for the season with one soil-scalping before they are ripe.  Some summer annuals, like star thistle, start together in spring and can be killed out as they start to bloom in early summer.  Most summer annuals keep sprouting through the hot weather, particularly where they are watered.  Goat heads have a final flush of sprouting as the weather cools in the fall, just as heron’s bill is starting its fall sprouting season.

What does not work to kill weeds, of any sort, is cutting two inches above the ground.  They continue to spread their flowers and ripen seed below the cutting height.  Weed control is seed control, and if the plants are still flowering, they are still violating our city code, which requires that one prevents flowering, seeding and noxious growth by cutting or killing.

                             

Rycke Brown, Natural Gardener          541-955-9040        rycke@gardener.com

The Natural Gardener: Aphids on Roses are Good

          A couple of weeks ago, I saw a bad infestation of aphids on Betty Boop, my favorite rose.  I also saw some soldier beetles already on the job, eating them.  I checked them a few days later, and both aphids and soldier beetles were gone.

But I know that those soldier beetles laid eggs under the leaf mulch in my beds, and their larvae will be patrolling under that mulch for the next 10-11 months, eating any insects they can catch and kill.  They pupate and become adults in April and May and emerge, ravenous for aphids to make their eggs.

I learned this the spring after I bought my house, in 2000.  All the roses that came with the property were heavily infested with aphids, and I waited for weeks for lady beetles to show up and clean them up and make their young, who likewise eat aphids.  But the infestation just got worse, until I got nervous and decided to spray them with soap.  I was heading out there with the spray bottle in hand, when I saw about 50 soldier beetles flying around the most infested bush and mating—so I didn’t spray but I did look up these red and black beetles and learned their habits.  Within a few days, both aphids and soldier beetles were gone.

I had been waiting for lady beetles because, in Arizona, I had a single broccoli plant that was infested with aphids.  I had learned that aphids are specific for particular types of plants.  This being the only brassica in my garden, I knew there was nothing else that they would eat, so I didn’t pull the plant, wanting its seeds.  After a while, it became a lady beetle factory, feeding at least 100 of a several different sizes and colors of lady beetles, including young and pupae.

But here in Southern Oregon, lady beetles have to compete with soldier beetles, which, with their short adult life span, are more ravenous when they emerge from the mulch.
Later in the summer, I tend to have aphids on corn, which attract lady beetles in large numbers and don’t really hurt the corn.  They also do the same thing on sun flowers, though birds are more likely to eat them there.  A couple of years, I had large, grey aphids on my fringe pussy willows, which were eaten by hummingbirds, chickadees and woodpeckers.

Aphids are manna for predators that eat them, crowding together in large numbers for easy picking, full of sugar as well as protein.  Those that grow on poisonous plants, like hellebores, often are not eaten by anything.   I have seen soldier beetles eating aphids on hellebores, but only once, so I am more likely to spray them there.  But most of the time, they are useful to bring in predators that might stick around and eat other insects as well. 

But soldier beetles won’t lay eggs where there isn’t any mulch cover for their young.  Don’t use finely-ground bark, which leaches its natural preservatives into soil and kills everything in the soil but plants.  Coarse bark, like walk-on fir or nugget bark, can provide shelter and help keep soil moist, but the best garden mulch is leaves, which feed fungi and soil life and become rich soil.

         

Rycke Brown, Natural Gardener          541-955-9040        rycke@gardener.com